The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us that simply observing a subatomic particle, such as an electron, will alter its state. This phenomenon will prevent us from knowing exactly where it is and how it moves. Likewise, this theory of the quantum universe can also be applied to the macroscopic world to understand how unexpected our reality can be.
It is often said that life would be very boring if we could predict exactly what is going to happen at any given moment. Werner Heisenberg was precisely the first person to demonstrate this in a scientific way. Moreover, thanks to him we learned that in the microscopic fabric of quantum particles everything is intrinsically uncertain. As much or more than in our own reality.
This principle was enunciated in 1925 when Werner Heisenberg was only 24 years old. Eight years after this formulation, this German scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Thanks to his work, modern atomic physics was developed. However, it must be said that Heisenberg was more than just a scientist: his theories in turn contributed to the advancement of philosophy.
Hence, his uncertainty principle is also an essential starting point for a better understanding of the social sciences and that area of psychology that also allows us to understand our complex reality a little more...
"What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our method of questioning."
-Werner Heisenberg
What is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle? Heisenberg's uncertainty principle could be summarized in a philosophical way as follows: in life, as in quantum mechanics, we can never be sure of anything. This scientist's theory showed us that classical physics was not as predictable as we had always believed.
He made us see that at the subatomic level, it is impossible to know at the same moment where a particle is, how it moves and what its speed is. To understand this better, let's use an example.
When we go by car, it is enough to look at the odometer to know how fast we are going. Likewise, we also know our position and our direction while we are driving. We speak in macroscopic terms and without claiming a very great precision.
However, in the quantum world this is not the case. Microscopic particles do not have a determined position or a single direction. How then can we measure or describe the motion of an electron?
Heisenberg showed that the most common way to locate an electron in space was to bounce photons off it.
However, with this action what was actually achieved was to completely alter that element, so that a precise and accurate observation could never be carried out. It is as if we had to brake the car to measure the speed.
To better understand this idea we can use a simile. The scientist is like a blind person who uses a medicine ball to find out how far away a stool is and what its position is. He throws the ball around until it finally hits the object.
But that ball is so strong that it hits the stool and changes its position. We can measure the distance, but we no longer really know where the object was.
The observer modifies quantum realityHeisenberg's principle in turn demonstrates an obvious fact: people influence the location and velocity of small particles. Thus, this German scientist, who was also inclined to philosophical theories, used to say that matter is neither static nor predictable. Subatomic particles are not "things", but tendencies.
Moreover, sometimes, the more certain the scientist is about where an electron is, the more distant it is and the more complex its motion. The mere fact of proceeding to a measurement already produces change, alteration and chaos in that quantum fabric.
For this reason, and taking into account Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and the disturbing influence of the observer, particle accelerators were created. However, it must be said that nowadays, studies such as the one carried out by Dr. Aephraim Steinberg of the University of Toronto in Canada, point to new advances. Although the uncertainty principle is still valid (i.e. the mere measurement alters the quantum system), very interesting advances are beginning to be made in measurements by controlling polarizations a little better.
The Heisenberg principle, a world full of possibilitiesAs we pointed out at the beginning. Heisenberg's principle can be applied to many more contexts beyond quantum physics. After all, uncertainty is the conviction that many of the things around us are not predictable. That is, they are beyond our control, or more to the point: we ourselves alter them by our actions.
Thanks to Heisenberg, we left classical physics aside (where everything was under control in a laboratory) to suddenly give way to quantum physics where the observer is both creator and viewer at the same time. That is, the human being suddenly acts on his context and is able to promote new and fascinating possibilities.
The uncertainty principle and quantum mechanics will never give us a single result in the face of an event. When the scientist observes, multiple possibilities appear before him. Trying to predict something with accuracy is almost impossible, and that, curiously enough, is an aspect that Albert Einstein himself opposed. He did not like to think that the Universe was governed by chance.
However, today many scientists and philosophers are still fascinated by Heinsenberg's uncertainty principle. Invoking that unpredictable factor of quantum mechanics makes reality less deterministic and us freer entities.
"We are made of the same elements as any object and we are also subject to the same elementary interactions."
-Albert Jacquard
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